Non-clear cell renal cell cancers (nccRCCs) are a heterogeneous group of more than 20 different entities, but are rarely included in large, randomized trials. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors with or without immune checkpoint inhibition are considered as a standard of care (SOC), but optimal treatment is not yet defined. We designed the first prospective randomized trial comparing ipilimumab/nivolumab to SOC.
We randomized adult patients with previously untreated advanced or metastatic nccRCC 1:1 to nivolumab 3 mg/kg plus ipilimumab 1 mg/kg every 3 weeks for 4 doses followed by fixed dose nivolumab of 240 mg every 2 weeks or 480 mg every 4 weeks or to SOC. Patients were stratified by histology and by IMDC risk score. Central pathology review was mandatory. The primary endpoint was the overall survival (OS) rate at 12 months, secondary endpoints included median OS, response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), safety and quality of life.
Ipilimumab/nivolumab demonstrated a significantly longer OS at the 12-month milestone and an acceptable toxicity profile. Our results therefore underline a relevant clinical benefit of ipilimumab/nivolumab in previously untreated nccRCC entities compared to current SOC.
In total, 157 patients were assigned to receive ipilimumab/nivolumab, and 152 to SOC. The 12-month survival rate was 78% with ipilimumab/nivolumab (95% confidence interval [CI] 71-84%) compared to 68% with SOC (95% CI 60-75%, p=0.026). Median OS was 33.2 months vs. 25.2 months , p=0.163 [HR 0.81 (0.61-1.099]. PFS was similar in both arms [HR 0.99 (0.77-1.28)]. The ORR was 32.8% vs 19.3%. No major differences between papillary and non-papillary RCC subtypes were observed for any endpoint. Exploratory analysis showed a significant OS advantage (HR 0.56 [95% CI 0.37-0.86]) associated with a PD-L1 CPS score >1 . Treatment discontinuation due to toxicity occurred in 27 patients (17%) with ipilimumab/nivolumab and 13 patients (9%) with SOC.
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